693 likes. Robinet identifies four components in the emergence of Taoism: Some elements of Taoism may be traced to prehistoric folk religions in China that later coalesced into a Taoist tradition. Essentially, the tradition… [36] After Laozi and Zhuangzi, the literature of Taoism grew steadily and was compiled in form of a canon—the Taozang—which was published at the behest of the emperor. [44] By the beginning of the 20th century, Taoism went through many catastrophic events. [118] Furthermore, 12 million people claim to be "Taoists", a term traditionally used exclusively for initiates, priests and experts of Taoist rituals and methods.[118]. Tao & Taoism in Britain Today. Still the substance of learning, the source of values, and the social code of the Chinese, it has also influenced other countries, particularly Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. As the "practical, political side" of Taoist philosophy, Arthur Waley translated them as "abstention from aggressive war and capital punishment", "absolute simplicity of living", and "refusal to assert active authority". During the Song dynasty, Perfect Truth Taoism and Orthodox One Taoism arise and the Taoist canon is edited. [143] In the opinion of J. Isamu Yamamoto[144] the main difference is that Christianity preaches a personal God while Taoism does not. (As a result, only one complete copy of the Taozang still remained, at the White Cloud Monastery in Beijing).[45]. [139] This became institutionalised when aspects of the three schools were synthesised in the Neo-Confucian school. There are about 20 million followers world wide--most of them living in Taiwan. [41], In the 12th century, the Quanzhen School was founded in Shandong. Here’s a brief description of them: Orthodox Unity Taoism: Orthodox Unity Taoism is the primarily liturgical branch of Taoism. Examples of such influence include monasteries, vegetarianism, prohibition of alcohol, the doctrine of emptiness, and collecting scripture in tripartite organisation. Purchase map use license. But alchemy isn’t the only path to embracing spirit. [31] The Tianshi school was officially recognised by ruler Cao Cao in 215, legitimising Cao Cao's rise to power in return. Shamans revealed basic texts of Taoism from early times down to at least the 20th century. [74], Human beings are seen as a microcosm of the universe,[18] and for example comprise the Wu Xing in form of the zang-fu organs. Laozi is traditionally regarded as one of the founders of Taoism and is closely associated in this context with "original" or "primordial" Taoism. [148], See also: Nine Schools of Thought and Hundred Schools of Thought, Religious/philosophical tradition of Chinese origin, The term "Taoist" and "Taoism" as a "liturgical framework", Relations with other religions and philosophies, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, harvp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFKohn2000 (, harvp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFKirkland2004 (, harvp error: no target: CITEREFDeFrancis1996 (, Living in the Tao: The Effortless Path of Self-Discovery, Mantak Chia, harvp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFMiller2003 (, harvp error: no target: CITEREFWatts1975 (, 2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. [91], The Zhuangzi (莊子), named after its traditional author Zhuangzi, is a composite of writings from various sources, and is generally considered the most important of all Taoist writings. When someone exerts their will against the world in a manner that is out of rhythm with the cycles of change, they may disrupt that harmony and unintended consequences may more likely result rather than the willed outcome. [29] Both terms were used to designate individuals dedicated to "... magic, medicine, divination,... methods of longevity and to ecstatic wanderings" as well as exorcism; in the case of the wu, "shamans" or "sorcerers" is often used as a translation. [87] The Tao Te Ching is not thematically ordered. [127] The syncretist position in texts like the Huainanzi and some Outer Chapters of the Zhuangzi blended some Taoist positions with Confucian ones. There is only one religion, though there are a hundred versions of it. "Taoist", in Western sinology, is traditionally used to translate Taoshi (道士, "master of the Tao"), thus strictly defining the priests of Taoism, ordained clergymen of a Taoist institution who "represent Taoist culture on a professional basis", are experts of Taoist liturgy, and therefore can employ this knowledge and ritual skills for the benefit of a community. In addition, it has attracted followers with no Chinese heritage. This time, known as the Warring States period, was an era of great turmoil in China. Taoism tends to emphasize various themes of the Tao Te Ching and Zhuangzi, such as naturalness, spontaneity, simplicity, detachment from desires, and most important of all, wu wei. Back then, no less formidable a mind than Sir Isaac Newton suspected that to understand the … Because of this, some of the shamanic roots of Taoism still survive today. [115] Enlightened and immortal beings are referred to as xian. Laozi (Laojun, "Lord Lao"), is considered the incarnation of one of the Three Purities and worshipped as the ancestor of the philosophical doctrine.[23][77]. [146][147] In neighbouring Vietnam, Taoist values have been shown to adapt to social norms and formed emerging socio-cultural beliefs together with Confucianism. A characteristic method aiming for longevity is Taoist alchemy. Taoism is practiced mainly in China, where it is one of the largest religions. Tao is said to be ineffable, and accomplishing great things through small means. [96], The 64 original notations of the hexagrams in the I Ching can also be read as a meditation on how change occurs, so it assists Taoists with managing yin and yang cycles as Laozi advocated in the Tao Te Ching (the oldest known version of this text was dated to 400 BCE). Data sources The World Christian Database (WCD) was our main source of data for this series of religion maps compiled in 2009. 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